Who is afraid of Caste Census and Why?
S.R.Darapuri I.P.S. (Retd)

The Indian government had to succumb to the political pressure to agree for Caste Census at the end of the last budget session of the Parliament. It was demanded by almost all the political parties which it found difficult to put aside. This demand was raised earlier also by some political parties but was just ignored by the ruling party. But this time the pressure was so overwhelming that the government had no alternative but to agree to the popular demand.
The Supreme Court of India and some High Courts had off and on asked for the basis of the quantum of reservation for Other Backward Classes (OBCs) which the government lacked on account of absence of proper population data for these classes. Some attempts were made by some States to ascertain the population figure for OBCs but it was contested by the opponents of reservation. Kaka Kalelkar and Mandal Commission had evolved criterion for ascertaining the population of OBCs. National Backward Classes Commission was instituted to ascertain the list of the Castes to be classified under this category for reservation in Central Government appointments. Similarly State Backward Commissions were also instituted to prepare such lists for reservation in State level appointments. It is a fact that Central and State lists differ in content.
At the national level the population of OBCs has been accepted as 52% of the total population of the country and reservation to the extent of 27% has been made for them in Central Government posts. This was the outcome of the implementation of Mandal Commission Report in 1990. The matter went to the Supreme Court of India and it was held to be constitutionally valid. The matter again came up before the apex Court when the Central Government decided to give reservation to OBCs in Higher Education and Technical Institutions. The question regarding the basis of the quantum of reservation was again raised by the Court. The Court again directed the Central Government to come up with reliable figures of OBCs population but the Government lacked such data.
Apart from the above there has been a regular demand from various organizations and political parties especially those with Backward Classes predominance for Caste based Census but it was just brushed aside by the ruling party may it be BJP or Congress. This demand was raised during 2001 Census also and the then NDA government did not entertain this request. But this time the pressure was so high that Congress government could not afford to put it aside and it had to agree to the Caste count during 2011 Census.
The announcement for Caste count during 2011 Census has given rise to a big row among its supporters and opponents. One of the major objections against the Caste Census is that it will give impetus to Caste divisions and its perpetuation in society. The other objection is regarding the operational difficulty in ascertaining the correctness of the caste claimed by a person as there is no such final list available with the Census authorities.
It is true that the last Caste based Census was conducted in 1931 by the then British authorities and then it was discontinued. In post independence period no attempt was made to go for Caste count as the government was not prepared to take up this work. No doubt Caste Census is done regularly to ascertain the population of Scheduled Castes and Scheduled Tribes to fix up their quota of reservation in services and in political reservation in Parliament and State Assemblies which is invariably in proportion to their population. The 52% figure of OBC population has been arrived at on the basis of their population in 1931 Census which is also disputed by the OBCs and higher castes as well. So now it has become necessary to ascertain afresh the population figure of the OBCs and 2011 Census is the most appropriate occasion for it.
Now let us take up the first objection to Caste Census regarding impetus to caste division and its perpetuation. In this context it will be quite apt to recall the observations made by Sir J.H.Hutton who was the Census Commissioner during 1931 Census. In Chapter XII, ‘Caste, Tribe and Race’ in the section titled ‘The Return of Caste’ he observed,” A certain amount of criticism has been directed at the Census for taking any note at all of caste. It has been alleged that the mere act of labeling persons as belonging to a caste tends to perpetuate the system. It is, however, difficult to see why the record of a fact that actually exists should lend to stabilize that existence. It is just as easy to argue and with at least as much truth, that it is impossible to get rid of any institution by ignoring its existence like a proverbial ostrich.” This observation made by Hutton holds good against the arguments put forth by the opponents of Caste Census.
As regards operational problems in Caste count, Hutton also talks of the practical problems evolved. “Experience at this Census has shown very clearly the difficulty of getting a correct return of castes and likewise the difficulty of interpreting it for Census purposes,” he says. Hutton writes about how people used the Census to move up the social order, as a vehicle for what the latter-day sociologists call ‘Sanskritisation.’ To illustrate his point, Hutton quotes from a report of the Superintendent of Census operations for Madras. “For example, an extremely dark individual pursuing the occupation of waterman on the Coorg border described his Caste as Suryavamsa, the family of the Sun.”
No doubt similar difficulties may arise during this Census also but it will be of the opposite nature. During 1931 Census it was a scramble for up gradation of one’s Caste but this time it may be ‘Desanskritisation.’ i.e. down grading of Caste. In the post Mandal quota era various castes may scramble for downgrading their castes to get into the OBC list. The struggle of the Gujjars for inclusion in the Scheduled Tribes list is a recent example of the ensuing trend. Similarly land owning Jat Caste of Uttar Pradesh has been included in State OBC list by BJP for political reasons.
The opponents of the Caste census tend to give the impression that the caste has ceased to exist and Census will make it raise its head again. But if you look at the matrimonial advertisements in the news papers you will find that not only caste but sub caste is most important for matrimony. It fully demolishes the above premise of the opponents of Caste Census. In fact Caste is a not only thriving but kicking also. It is a social reality which determines one’s social status and the limits of the social relations and also opportunities for advancement in the life of an individual.
After independence we have adopted a system of planned development which requires a correct data of our population and the extent of social, educational and economic backwardness. It is a fact that in India class and caste are almost congruent. The Castes which are socially and educationally backward are invariably economically backward also. Thus for proper planning, the strength of target groups must be known correctly which can be ascertained through Caste based Census only.
Actually higher Castes are allergic to the Caste Census because it will expose their low numbers and the share of development and national wealth they have usurped at the cost of lower Castes. Their fear is further accentuated by the probable high number of OBCs who are bound to demand a greater share in services and benefits of development and national wealth. That is why higher Castes are afraid of Caste Census.

26/11 Verdict brings solace to Indian Muslims
S.R.Darapuri I.P.S. (Retd)

The Recent verdict pronounced by a Mumbai court in 26/11 terrorist attack case has brought a solace to the Indians Muslims. Whereas the verdict has convicted Kasab and his operatives in Pakistan, it has acquitted Faheem Ansari and Shaikh Sabahunddin Ahmed who were falsely implicated by Bombay police as Indian co-conspirators to prove their theory of connivance of home grown players. Bombay police had charged the Duo with offences of conspiracy and involvement in terrorist attack.
“I direct Ansari and Shaikh to be released forthwith,” said the judge disbelieving the prosecution story of how the duo facilitated the attack by supplying allegedly at LeT’s behest, a hand-drawn map of terror targets to the gunmen. Not mincing words, the judge said he found the entire evidence against the accused ‘highly doubtfull’. The police have said in the court that Ansari who had rented a flat near Badhwar Park (in South Mumbai) more than a year before the 26/11 attack had sketched some maps that were delivered to LeT commanders in Kathmandu by Shaikh.
“I feel the whole theory of the map being given by Ansari to Sabahunddin in Nepal, then the crude map being found unsoiled in the blood soaked pocket of a dead terrorist’s trousers is unbelievable…especially when the conspirators were relying on advance technology like GPS and VOIP all along,” he said “..Why would the LeT commanders rely on crude maps drawn by Ansari when sophisticated versions of the same work are easily available on websites like Google earth and Wikimapia? All pieces of evidence against Ansari and Shaikh fall short of the standards laid down by the Supreme Court.”
The acquittal of Faheem and Sabahundeen has totally smashed the police theory of involvement of home players in 26/11 attack and that too of Indian Muslims. Had the Court accepted the Police theory of duo’s involvement in this conspiracy, it would have created havoc for Indian Muslims. We remember the aftermath of Batla House encounter which had created a wide spread scare in the minds of Muslims and they had become very defensive. No doubt the genuineness of this encounter is a matter of great controversy and UPA government has refused to institute a judicial probe. It has been happening after every terrorist incident.
As we know there is a general accusation against Muslims being involved in terrorist activities. There is a floating dictum that “All the Muslims area not terrorists but all the terrorists are Muslims.” The result is that a large number of Muslim Youth have been framed in various cases and are languishing in jails for long years. It has been found that most of them are innocent. They suffer long trials and are ultimately acquitted for lack of evidence as has happened in the case of Faheem and Sabahuddin.
Now Uttar Pradesh Police, which claims to have given the inputs of LeT’s ensuing attack and involvement of Faheem and Sabahuddin in this conspiracy to Bombay police in advance, is also in the dock and its image has been badly slurred. It has now claimed that even if they have been acquitted in this case, they will pin them down in Rampur CRPF Camp terrorist attack. No doubt the genuineness of this attack has been questioned by various human rights organizations. U.P.Police has labeled Faheem to be the master mind of this case. This statement is quite intriguing and misleading. It is a fact that Faheem is not the accused at all in this case. Of course Sabahudin’s name figures in this charge sheet. This shows how police sullies the name of Muslims to defame them and creates an atmosphere of hate and mistrust in the general public.
The acquittal of Faheem and Sabahuddin has come as a breather for Indian Muslims otherwise it would have given the Hindutva fanatics an other chance to label Indian Muslims as collaborators of foreign enemies like Pakistan, LeT and others. This verdict has also enhanced the reputation of Indian judiciary and strengthened common man’s faith in it.

Dr. B.R. Ambedkar: Economic Program-vision-central mission
By: Admiral Vishnu Bhagwat.
Dr Ambedkar descended the Indian skies like a meteor, lighting up the freedom movement with a viable economic vision and road map, charted a constitutional democracy which, as he often said, could take us to the revolutionary goal of equality, liberty and fraternity. This assessment is accepted by a large number of people. However, his economic ideology and mission have been buried in the sands of globalisation , privatization and ‘reforms’ by the ruling elite and even his self-proclaimed followers , who have joined hands in erecting stone and granite statues of the ‘Revolutionary’ whose thoughts not only sprang from the soil of the country but also its political ,economic and social realities ( It was buried even earlier by those who presented a confused and diffused ideology from various political platforms, and who buried his rational and scientific thinking ) .
If we really, deeply study his core ideas, ideology if you like, his central mission is spelt out in his drafts to the Constitution Drafting Committee of which he was the Chairman, 1947-49. Dr Ambedkar finally emerged as the main ‘Architect’ of this most vital document that lays down the framework of the Republic and its social , political and economic objectives , which is a manifesto of those who struggled for India’s freedom against foreign capital , foreign rule and local dominant , economic and caste interests . The Constitution is above the Supreme Court, the Lok Sabha , the Prime Minister and the Executive and was intended to be its guiding star , its Dhruva tara. How much we have deviated from the Constitution’s Directive, its soul the Directive Principles which are mandatory for any Government in office is an issue which is for all of us to assess. . If this is tested by the ground reality of the condition of the exploited classes, the denial of equality of opportunity, of education, of the very right to life , to work, and economic policies which have made the preamble of the Constitution a paper promise in the hands of the exploiting class who have arrogated to themselves a near total monopoly of resources , unprecedented and growing concentration of wealth that make a mockery of the direction ‘for the common good’.
First of all let us try to forge a common understanding of how ‘Ambedkar thought’ evolved? Is it possible to flag mark Dr Ambedkar’s tortuous yet blazing journey. Dr Ambedkar chose his own methodology to educate and inform himself. It is true that cataclysmic events took place in the journey of his life…the 1917 October Proletarian Revolution in Russia, which to begin with placed power in the hands of the workers and peasants, the toiling and hitherto exploited class. In my understanding, though he may not have explicitly stated so in his revolutionary call in Manmad in 1938, that was the central idea of his declaration of the three principles at the workers conference to which we will come as This not only burnt and singed the people in the United States but also in Europe. The Capitalist classes across the industrialized countries speedily funded Fascist groups, to further disposses and divert the working class. This was spread through fear and propaganda , promising them the mirage of nationalism , discipline, conquests and full employment , at the same time breaking their organizations , enslaving them in factories , mines and plants jointly owned by global ‘finance capital’ , including by American corporations and British capitalists , through the 1930s , as now brought to light , through the period of the Second World War ,via a commonly owned and set up Banking system, while the soldiers were killed and maimed as cannon fodder on military fronts all over the world in Europe , the Soviet Union , North Africa and Asia . Dr Ambedkar by now a champion of Dalit rights also clearly saw that Dalit emancipation could only be achieved through a broad united front of all the exploited classes. Dr Ambedkar had already defined a Dalit as ‘one who struggles’ (for democratic rights). His definition was, therefore, categorically inclusive of all individuals and groups who were naturally bonded, engaged in the common struggle, of the exploited classes.
Dr Ambedkar had through his definitive works, beginning in 1917 with his outstanding doctoral dissertation at the Colombia University, the “National Dividend of India” , essentially on the transfer of wealth and surpluses from India to Imperial Britain , laid bare the huge colonial (looting ) enterprise on which Britain’s industrialization was founded . There is another work , that of RC Dutt , covering this path breaking subject ; which dared to expose to bare bones , through facts , figures , official documents how Britain , later called ‘Great Britain’, established and executed the great parasitical enterprise , called British India . Dadabhai Naoroji whom Dr Ambedkar greatly respected also spoke and wrote on the rapacious transfer of surpluses from India to England .This thought process, bold and courageous in the extreme, shook those little social clubs who were petitioning the Sarkar for some concessions in entrance to the British Indian Army through the Royal Military Academy, Sandhurst and the ICS quota for Indians. Historically, it was quite a coincidence that Gandhi’s own experiences in South Africa of racial discrimination and apartheid brought him to India and start transforming the Congress into a mass organization of peasants, workers and all the toiling masses within the limitations of the social setup in the country. Not content with his monumental work Dr Ambedkar finished writing his” Small Holdings in India and their Remedies in 1917.” We cannot but infer that Mahatma Jyotiba Phule’s “Kisan Che Kode” inspired him and stoked his passion to try and expose, and later struggle, by throwing in his lot with those classes subjected to extreme social, political and economic exploitation.
Academically and to further consolidate his grasp of Public Finance was published in 1921, he worked on and published “Provincial Decentralisation of Imperial Finance in British India, the Problem of the Rupee (the issues of Silver and Gold Standards) in 1923, the Evolution of Provincial Finance in British India 1925. Let us pause for a moment and reflect on the boundless energy, the diligence and perseverance, the prodigious output of the Man. No economist in India has produced such monumental, vital and relevant works as Bhimrao Ambedkar did in those nine years 1916-25. Undoubtedly these studies gave him an incomparable advantage over his contemporaries. He may have surpassed his contribution as a Law Minister after 1950 in the field of public finance if he had been Finance Minister; but Finance Ministers in the existing system have to be conservatives not revolutionaries , who may upset the ‘apple cart’ !

Dr Ambedkar had emerged as ,by far the most erudite and scholarly economist on the sub-continent. His alert, incisive and sensitive mind was now setting up his own compass for the struggles ahead as he walked tall in the thirties. The Great Depression of 1929 –33 shook the whole world and its epicenter was in the United States and Europe, the foremost capitalist systems, where he had spent his period of study and observation. Capitalism’s exploitative chain had broken down and was engulfed by a serious crisis; it was replaced by Fascism, i.e. the rule by private Corporations in partnership with the ruling elite controlling the State apparatus. Dr Ambedkar was perceptive enough to grasp the significance of slave labour being used by the Corporations. While he had pre-occupations with the Round Table Conference, the Poona Pact, the Government of India Act 1935, the provincial elections and Separate electorates; he was deeply distressed by the exploitation, impoverishment, daily humiliation and denial of human rights to the exploited classes and the Dalits in the social mileu of the backward, feudal, arch conservative society that had evolved in the country of his birth. This evolution was not an accident. Michiavellian state craft in combination with parasitical economic production relations and a cruel, ritual order was used as a means to enslave the people who built India. Another economist in Ancient India had seen through it all – Chanakya who led a revolt of the slaves and helped install a Shudra dynasty , the Mauryas , which held sway over most of India until it was done out by a regrouping of the wealthy and the propertied , expropriating classes . The people who toiled in the fields to produce food, the bundkars who wove clothes and fabrics , the artisans who made tools with their hands , household items and the most exquisite articles with precious stones and alloy metals , the people who built homes , palaces and monuments, the leather workers who made shoes , saddles for the army cavalry and without whose services society would not exist and flourish , were all continuously being cheated , looted through expropriation of the surpluses that they created by their sweat, blood and sacrifices. The Manu Smriti , a fraudulent , adharmic manufacture of diseased minds of some elements of the priestly class who had prostituted themselves to the exploiting , ruling class to lay a spider’s web of fear , intimidation and an unimaginably, cruel and despotic social order based on all that is ignoble , unjust and unequal , in direct opposition to the Dharma that many great minds, specially Gautam Buddha , and those who guided Indian society had laid down. The nectar of Dr Ambedkar’s perceptions can be gauged by a better effort at understanding the essence of his writings and speeches , through his life and the stands he took, some necessarily with compromises, underpinned by his deep understanding of how the exploitative chain and the process of accumulation of surplus works and creates an overwhelming majority of serfs and slaves as an economic underclass leading a dehumanizing animal like existence , outside the boundaries of the proper village or bustee and in slums and ghettoes in the cities and towns as outcastes , untouchables and sub humans or’unter-menschens’. Others, so called born into higher castes have also been forced into this large mass of labor, of unceasing toil, of carrying the load on their backs and pulling the ‘thela’, since then with the rise of modern capitalism.
Dr Ambedkar had decided to carry out the struggle on two tracks; to destroy the oppressive social order and to bring about an equitable, non –capitalist economic restructuring through mass awakening, reform and democratic movements, as he believed that real economic democracy was a means to transform a nation to a just order. He said ‘the struggle for economic justice was as important as the struggle for social justice’. Why has this central idea and central mission of Dr Ambedkar’s life been forgotten and his core ideas and philosophy on the struggle for economic justice, suppressed by various big leaders and movements in all corners of the country is a question of fundamental importance? This needs to be urgently corrected if we have to move forward.
We have seen how the Sanghis, who are essentially adherents of the Manu Smriti order, infiltrated and subverted the Congress Party , pre and post Independence , camouflage the core issue of economic justice while rationalizing ‘social justice’ to fool the people, assassinated Gandhi for opposing the domination of British finance capital in India which devastated the Indian economy . This class opposed the mild dose of reform for the Hindu society , the Hindu Code Bill and engineering riots and pogroms and spreading division and violence through their well-oiled propaganda machinery , all funded by the corporate class . What of us why is it that we too have deviated from the central threading that runs through the mission of Dr Ambedkar’s life?

As we have seen Dr Ambedkar through his logic , reasoning and scientific rationale , backed by a deep and real understanding of theoretical and applied economics, charted a path for all Indians, for the Dalits who he defined as ALL those engaged in the ‘ Struggle’ for emancipation from the bondage of the exploitative order , through centuries of feudal and capitalist domination .
It is no surprise, therefore, that he set his precepts into practise by mobilizing and leading the march for temple entry at Mahad , to be shortly followed by his stirring address at the Independent Labour Party Conference at Manmad in 1938. This was a continuity of the calls of TukaRam , Shahuji Maharaj , Jyoitaba Phule , only set in the contemporary context and sharply focussing on the struggle for economic justice that lay ahead . These ideas he later introduced in his draft submissions for the Constitution and the final form of the Constitution, of which he was the principal architect. (Imagine if the Constitution of India had been drafted in 2004, and indeed the attempt to ‘reform’ the Constitution by the Sangh Parivar had succeeded in 1999-2000, what kind of a Constitution would we have today)
Manmad 1938, the GIP Railway Dalit Mazdoor Conference, (caste discrimination was practiced in the railways and the textile mills, with the lower and lesser paid jobs going to the Dalits; while clean and weaving jobs went to the ‘other’ workers), was a defining moment in Dalit struggle, an inflexion point, a turning point, that focuses both on the contemporary reality and a guiding star for the times ahead. Dr Ambedkar places before all, this foundation of his beliefs , convictions and the path that leads to the future , that the Dalits in a common united front to be forged with all the exploited classes , to achieve the goal of social and economic justice in an egalitarian society and real democracy thus :

1. The economic emancipation of the Dalits is as vital as the struggle for social justice ( To make the Dalits aware of the definition of the Subjugated class’; so that Dalit awareness is raised to a level whereby we join hands and march shoulder to shoulder with all other subjugated classes , to wage the struggle against the Ruling Class )
2. Brahmanism (or the forces that negate and deny equality, liberty and the feelings of brotherhood, ‘bhai-chara’) and Capitalism are the two biggest enemies of the workers or toiling classes.
3. Karl Marx did not as a principle; say that there were only two classes, the owner and the worker, and that in India these two classes had evolved in their final form.
4. The spread of poisonous and vicious religious hatred in a casteist order in Indian society has resulted in workers and employees sometimes turning against each other, as opponents and enemies.
5. Trade Union Leaders while exhorting and giving spirited speeches against the Capitalists adopt double standards and remain silent on the issue of Brahmanism.
6. The Dalit wokers and labourers movement is not against the common workers movement. It also does not support the Capitalists. Their only request is that their independent identity be protected.
7. The movement of the Working class has deviated, from its main goal , and is solely concerned with trade unionism per se.
8. The General Strike is the weapon of last resort, it is not an end in itself to be used for attaining the end of competitive trade unionism – leadership.
9. In the struggle against capitalist owners the working class cannot be successful by resorting only to trade unionism. The workers have to seize and take the reins of political power in their hands.
10. Mazdoor Sanghatans which are politically directionless become tools in the hands of political parties that support the capitalist class.
11. Equality, liberty and fraternity must be the ideals of the working class.
12. Even after the end of British Rule, it would be wholly legitimate for the workers to struggle against the spider’s web of the Landlords, Capitalists and the Baniya –Sahukar combine who will very much survive even after British Rule.
13. To wage a struggle to oppose the Imperialists does not mean that the class struggle against the internal structure of society has to be kept away on the shelf.
14. The Dalit class conflict in the interest of the Dalits must conjoin with the mainstream Mazdoor Andolan.
15. In normal situations Mazdoors will take the Constitutional path. However they should prepare and ready themselves to use other means, should the situation and circumstances so demand.
16. Dalit Mazdoor Sanghatan is in full co-operation and support of the All India Mazdoor Andolan; and it sees ‘resevation’ as complimenting and supplementing the Andolan.
Dr Ambedkar formed the Independent Labour Party on three fundamental / basic principles and these principles were:-
I. First: All the wealth, property and assets which are in this world are the result of / and have been created by the undying, hard labour of the workers and the kisans. . Despite this, the worker and the kisans who toils with desperation in the field are naked and hungry. All these riches, property and the means of production have been arrogated by private property rights arbitrarily imposed by the profiteers, landlord class, capitalists and the rich class who have expropriated all this wealth by illegal / unjust loot, robbery and theft. This (parasitical) class has done nothing to earn this.
II. Second: Indian society is divided into the class ruled over and the ‘Ruling’ class’, whose interests mutually clash as a class conflict between the ‘Ruler-Exploiter’ and the ‘Ruled –Exploted’, is fundamental, and this fact remains all encompassing.
III. The rights of workers and the toilers can be defended, (and will be secured) only when the reins of ‘Political power’ will be in their own hands.
If the 1920s were the decade of learning and education in Dr Ambedkar’s life, the 1930s were a period of struggle, agitation, deep sensitivity and commitment to the cause of the oppressed and the exploited of all classes and communities; the decade of the 1940s demonstrated his ability for creativity and innovation of national level institutions and experimentation. Few equal his contribution in this decade which preceeds and transgresses India’s Independence / partition ,the founding of the Republic and great hopes and aspirations to real democracy, however troubled they were in the predominant class structure in 1947.
It was evident that the not so young Dr Ambedkar was burning the candle at both ends, unmindful of his health, all fired up with hopes and dreams.
As Labour Member of the Viceroy’s Council, 1942-45, he initiated programs to help increase the productivity of workers, by providing them education and skills, health care and maternity leave provisions for women workers, for example. Dr Ambedkar set up the Tripartite Labour Council in 1942, to safeguard social security measures to the workers, giving equal opportunity to the workers and employers to participate in formulating labour policy and strengthening the labour movement by introducing compulsory recognition of trade unions and worker organizations. Labour was placed in the Concurrent List. Chief and Labour Commisioners were appointed, so was a Labour Investigation Committee. Minimum Wages Act was his contribution. So were Employment Exchanges and importantly workers ‘Right to Strike’. Productivity and job security went together, unlike the Reformers and Globalists of today, bent on contract labour and its informalisation thru ‘hire and fire’ or ‘Exit Policy’.
Dr Ambedkar’s vision and economic philosophy is best illustrated by his thrust to improve human capital and human resources. He established the Central Water Commision , the Central Electricity Authority , the Central Irrigation & Waterways Commission in 1944 which became the Central Waterways, Irrigation , Navigation Commision on the approval of Babasaheb in 1945 , and the Central Water , Power , Irrigation and Navigation Commission, the latter’s integration to concurrently enhance employment opportunities , in 1948. The Central Water & Power Commission later bifurcated into the Central Electricity Authority and the Central Water Commission. Environment was a central concern. Downstream it gave birth to State Electricity Boards ( now sought to be unbundled and privatized ), the Regional and National Grids ( and Corporations ), the National Thermal Power Corporation a giant in the Power sector today , the Damodar Valley Corporation , work on both initiated in 1943-44. His initiative and contribution on the Multi-purpose Plan for Development of Orissa’s rivers is noteworthy. Such was the energy and vision of a great ‘Dalit’ son of the soil.
We now come to perhaps his greatest contribution to the Nation State, to the Republic and to his much dreamed concept of democracy. Appointed Chairman of the Drafting committee of a Constitution for India, Dr Ambedkar found himself the only active member of the seven originally nominated. Extraordinary though, he was still subject to being over-ruled, especially in the interest of the dominant class as regards production and property relations.
Dr Ambedkar clearly saw that unless the means of production were nationally owned by the state and agricultural lands too were nationalized and the property of the State there would be no real democracy. The village commons were in earlier times, not under the ownership of individuals / families. They were only scantified as private property, just over a hundred years ago by Wellesley’s Permanent Settlement and the Zamindari system introduced to make it convenient to help collect revenues for the East India Company and later the Crown , which had destroyed the social and economic fabric of our villages, by an order of magnitude. The Dalits and the landless, of which the Dalits were a majority, had no hope in hell, so to say. For the call for ‘Land to the tiller’ did not cater for the interests of the Dalits as they were not even tillers or ‘hissedars’ and ‘bataidars’.
While presenting the main memorandum on ‘State and Minorities’ he clearly stated that” The main purpose behind the clause is to put an obligation on the State to plan the economic life of the people on lines which would lead to the highest point of productivity without closing every avenue to private enterprise and also provide for the equitable distribution of wealth.” Dr Ambedkar was against monopoly in every form because he knew monopoly leads to exploitation…..it extracts work at low wages and creates artificial scarcities…..monopoly of capitalists cannot give justice to the exploited , poor classes.” He wrote in 1956 in the RPI manifesto, “that any scheme of production must in the view of the RPI remain subject to one overriding consideration that there should be no exploitation of the working class.” Dr Ambedkar made it clear that economic reforms by equalization of property must have precedence over every other kind of reform, noting that man is not just an economic creature ( the monster of caste also had to be killed ).
To recapitulate, Dr Ambedkar’s radical proposals for inclusion in the Constitution were:-
1. Consolidation of land holdings and tenancy legislation are worse than useless, as they cannot help the 60 million untouchables, who are just landless labourers ….only collective farms set out on the lines in the proposal can help them.
2. State Socialism is vital for the rapid industrialization of India. Private enterprise cannot do it and if it did it would produce those inequalities of wealth which private capitalism has produced in Europe.
3. Nationalization of Insurance serves a double objective. Apart from greater security to people, it also gives the State resources for financing its economic planning in the absence of which it would have to resort to borrowing from the money market at a high rate of interest.



This plan, elaborated in clause 4, Article II of his Memorandum to the Constituent Assembly included recommendations that:-
1. Agriculture be a State industry.
2. Key and basic industries would be owned by the State.
3. A life insurance policy would be compulsory for every citizen.
4. The State shall acquire the subsisting (existing) rights in agriculture and private owners will be compensated for by transferable debentures. ( Nationalisation of land would simultaneously abolish caste , in Dr Ambedkar’s view. )
5. The land acquired shall be divided into farms of standard size and let out equitably, and cultivated collectively. Finance or credit shall be provided by the State.
6. All this was without closing every avenue for private enterprise.
Dr Ambedkr’s ardent desire was that the plan of State Socialism must become a part of the Constitution. He further cautioned that this essential condition for the success of a planned economy should not be liable to suspension, abrogation or abandonment by the Parliament or the Government (and how prophetic he has turned out to be today). Political democracy, he said rests on the principle that the State shall not delegate powers to private persons (entities) to govern others. .
Dr Ambedkar went on to write ” Anyone who studies the working of the system of social economy based on private enterprise and pursuit of personal gain will realize how it undermines , if it does not actually violate , the last two premises on which democracy rests . How many have to relinquish their constitutional rights in order to gain their living? How many have to subject themselves to be governed by private employers?
Ask those who are unemployed whether what are called Fundamental Rights are of any value to them. If a person who is unemployed is offered a choice between a job of some sort, with some sort of wages, with no fixed hours of labour and with an indirect restriction on joining a union and the exercise of his right to freedom of speech, association, religion etc can there be any doubt as to what his choice will be? How can it be otherwise? The fear of starvation , the fear of being compelled to take children away from school, the fear of having to bear the burden of public cost are factors too strong to permit a man to stand out for his fundamental rights . The unemployed are thus compelled to relinquish their fundamental rights for the sake of securing the privelege to work and to subsist….
What about those who are employed? Constitutional lawyers assume that the enactment of Fundamental Rights is enough to safeguard their liberty, and that nothing more is called for. They argue that where the state refrains from intervention in private affairs, economic and social, the residue is liberty. What is necessary is to make the residue as large as possible and state intervention as small as possible. It is true that that where the state refrains from intervention what remains is liberty. But this does not dispose of the matter; one more question remains to be answered. To whom and for whom is this liberty? Obviously, this liberty is liberty to the landlords to increase rents, to the capitalists to increase the hours of work and reduce the rate of wages. This must be so. It cannot be otherwise, for in an economic system employing armies of workers, producing goods in mass at regular intervals, someone must make rules, so that the workers will work and the wheels of industry run on. Liberty from the control of the state is another name for the dictatorship of the private employer.” The Advisory Committee did not accept his proposals. Dr Ambedkar pressed repeatedly with the Chairman of the Constituent Assembly to incorporate his proposals in the Chapter on Fundamental Rights of the Constitution and not disallow them on ‘technical grounds’. He argued that it was a matter in which the labouring classes in general and the scheduled castes in particular, are vitally concerned. That is the precise reason why it was not permitted in the justiciable part of the Constitution..but relegated to the Directive Principles , now more honored in the breach than practise ( that is why the PS Appu Committee observed in its report on Land Reforms in 1972, that the hiatus between precept and practice, between policy pronouncements and actual execution has been the greatest in the domain of land reforms.)
The Constitution remains our compass; Dr Ambedkar’s economic ideology the guidance document. The application , in steps and phases can only be implemented when the mazdoors in both the formal and the informal sector, kisans , landless workers , rural and urban men and women without livelihoods and entitlements, adivasis, artisans , bundkars, students , teachers , educated unemployed , technicians and engineers ,employed or unemployed , subscribe and dedicate themselves to a better future for all . Quite obviously the Dalits as a caste group are not sufficient in numbers to change the system, its core policies, priorities and its structure without joining with the other oppressed groups, communities and demonstrating an overwhelming democratic majority. Dr Ambedkar had emphasisied this again and again in all his writings and speeches. For this a United Front of all sections and elements who constitute the exploited majority must be forged as a federation with decentralization as its watchword. Then and only then will the Dalits advance forward to their goal of social and economic justice. Otherwise they must remain as they are confined to receiving a few crumbs from the top table, always at the mercy of the Capitalist class and their ideology of Brahmanvad as defined by Dr Ambedkar.
The program, policies and objectives will need the agreement of all. However there will be sufficient flexibility for local initiatives depending on the material and human resources, and the stage of development which have been reached in different locales , in the uneven matrix of social and economic indicators that we are confronted with , as long as they conform to the direction and goals of the movement .
Dr Ambedkar is honored as the Principal Architect of the Indian Constitution. The Fundamental Rights and the Directive Principles of State Policy are his special contribution. If the chapter on Fundamental Rights , particularly its cardinal articles on Equality before the Law , Equality of Opportunity and the Right to Life ( and Livelihood ) as interpreted by the Apex Court are indeed held sacred , then read with Articles 37, 38 and 39
of the Directive Principles they are the guiding spirit of the Constitution and immutable. Unfortunately those who take their oath of office by swearing to uphold the Constitution are the very same who are swimming with the tidal wave of Globalisation and ‘Reforms’ which violate in substance and spirit , the Constitution of India and that threaten the very existence people’s livelihood and their peaceful existence in a democratic , equal order , with dignity and self-respect . The Directive Principles of State Policy, were held to be legally unenforceable at the time the Constitution was adopted in the name of” We the People...”. However Directive Principles of State Policy have a mandatory character, as the injunction to the State and, therefore, to the Judiciary, Legislative and the Executive is always” SHALL” and not a ‘May’. The Founding Fathers and Dr Ambedkar can be presumed to know the difference in jurisprudence!!! What the Government , the Legislatures and the Judiciary in times today are doing are not only violating the ” soul ” of the Constitution , as many former Justices of the Apex Court have publicly expressed , but in fact may be effectively participating in a ‘foreclosure’ of the democratic process and the path to Democracy that Dr Ambedkar sincerely paved . The Western Capitalist system and the ‘Reforms’ ” dictated by the Structural Adjustment Loan / Programs”, which amount to a Recolonisation of India, are neither conducive to a democratic order nor compatible with a democracy for 1100 million (growing to be 1800 million) Indians. No foreign model, in its entirety, forced from above, or even legally upheld by the courts, can be a model to emulate.
The most worrying and distressing aspect of all this is that 50 years after the passing away of Dr Ambedkar , the torch and the baton have not been carried forward.
Debate and discussion are usually confined to issues such as Reservations and promotions in the public domain / services and now the latest ‘red-herring’ , reservations in the private sector ( including MNCs) which provide only 8.3 % jobs in the formal sector. (7000 MNCs provide only 28 million, low paid jobs in their world wide ‘looting’ operations).
The question of asserting the SC/ST rights in admissions to educational institutions at all levels, specially higher and technical courses, which are again being effectively denied, has been brilliantly exposed in the pioneering work done by Sarvashri Pradeep Gaikwad and Prof Dr. Awani Patil in respect of Maharahtra . Privatization of education, now state sponsored and subsidized from public funds, is making higher and technical education a right and privilege only for the ‘Haves’ or the exploiting classes ‘which is more than just a fascist characteristic and, therefore, to be fought as Dr Ambedkar would have done, for Dalit rights; shoulder to shoulder, together with all other ‘deprived sections and classes’. The essence of Buddhism and Dhamma as Dr Ambedkar observed was socialist (even the first communist idea) and thus

However, after all this agitation , if those who benefit from reservations change or ‘convert’ or transform unto another class , an upper class , and stand with the exploiting class , directly or indirectly , then what is gained for the overwhelming majority who remain where they have always been , along with the others who have been marginalized by loot , robbery and theft , phrases which a person of such refined legal education as Dr Ambedkar used in Manmad and thereafter ? Dr Ambedkar expressing concern for the downtrodden, said in one of his lectures, “…ever since I began to understand the meaning of life , I have always followed one principle in life and that is to serve my ‘untouchable’ brethern . Wherever I may be and in whatsoever position I may be, I have always been thinking and working for the betterment of my bretheren . I have never given so much attention to any other problem. I must guard the interests of the untouchables; that has been the aim of my life in the past and will continue to be in the future too.” In the context in which his life and work and economic philosophy /ideology should be faithfully understood, that is Bhimrao Ambedkar, the revolutionary who fought for political and economic democracy for the oppressed and exploited masses of the Indian people; we have to ask ourselves just one question: Do we stand with Dr Ambedkar and the exploited or the upper and middle classes to which we have migrated; and therefore betray the class where 99% of our people are enslaved?
Recently a Dalit Leader of education, learning and standing, told me that since ‘Money’ had overtaken free and fair elections the danger was not that he would be able to democratize the system but whether he would be corrupted and taken over himself.
If Babasaheb is made unto granite, stone or marble then he too is in danger of becoming an ‘idol’ to be revered and worshipped on two days in the year. On the other hand, Dr Ambedkar, can be our daily inspiration “to educate, agitate and organize” as he himself exhorted so often. On a personal note, how so ever symbolic, if every Dalit can carry a pocket size card with the main articles of the Constitution, on his person in his own mother tongue, and discuss it in his habitat or cluster of Jhopdis and Jhuggis for five minutes every day, in the neighbourhood, what Babasaheb has as his message, then there is a fair chance that they may begin to question the self appointed Netaji(s) on what is to be done. Certainly not to break the homes and hearths of those who share his misery. Every one does not need higher education, though everyone who has the merit must have those doors open to him or her. Everyone, however, needs to be able to live with self respect and in dignity, in a society where he has the right to livelihood, equal education opportunities for his children and medical care if they fall sick as they are bound to with nothing in their stomachs, and suffering chronic mal- nourishment, as the large majority of his compatriots. If we continuously lower the poverty line then the number in the BPL will of course reduce in the Government’s Annual Economic Surveys, the Central Statistical Organisation’s books; and the National Sample Survey’s figures.
The adherents of ‘hard’ Hindutva and ‘soft’ Hindutva are effectively Trojan horses of the recolonising forces. Hindutva is a mask for Brahmanvad . This Hindutva loudly propagandises ‘rashtravad’ while it goes about as a salesman and poster- boy for foreign capital and the MNCs ,banks and insurance ( brokers and commission agents of big foreign companies of the US and Europe , as Mahatma Gandhi described them ) . Hindutva has created its ‘internal enemies’ like the Nazi Party did in Germany. It assumes its sacredness by wearing the tilak on the forehead. This does not hide its destructive character and mentality, or wash its murderous, bloody hands . Like in the past Hindutva or Brahmanvad , is fronting the parasitical class. A Finance Minister had opened India to the multi-nationals on the dishonest plea ‘that the nation has been living beyond its means –nation indeed, when a good majority of our people simply has no means to live and most others none to indulge in living beyond….’ Another Finance Minister pleading with the Globalisers in London said” You came to India and stayed for 200 years. Now come prepared to invest and stay for another 200 years and there will be huge rewards.” How do the parties representing the expropriated classes, the 80 % majority gear up to the challenge? The parties of the Dalits have 20 splinter groups in Maharashtra alone and the parties that claim to pursue forward looking economic programs are also split into 20 and more groupings on the all India level. This is not a mere accident. This may not be engineered by the new Brahmins, but it certainly enjoys their support. Dr Ambedkar always said ‘we are Indians firstly and lastly. ‘The challenge is before us and that is why it is so incumbent on those who are Ambedkarites to carry forward the central mission where Dr Ambedkar left off.
To conclude, Dhamma or Dharma enjoins another ideal. It says unequivocally that without Justice for all, a King is no King; and his Kingdom will perish and cease to exist. If that caution is not heeded, then someday the phoenix mustrise! Acknowledgements:
To Shrimati Niloufer Bhagwat , jurist , who introduced me to the real Dr Bhimrao Ambedkar whose socialist ideology was until some years ago also unknown to me.
To Shri Pradeep Gaikwad , Publisher & Editor Samta Prakashan, a dedicated Ambedkarite , who gave me his time and attention to make an enquiry into the truth of ‘social and economic justice’ , which Dr Ambedkar relentlessly pursued.
To Dr ML Kasare , distinguished Professor , whose book “Economic Philosophy of Dr BR Ambedkar” which I read recently further enlightened me in my understanding of the ‘Man and his Ideas’ .
To all three my grateful thanks. I accept responsibility for any errors in the paper, even though I believe that I have humbly attempted to highlight the revolutionary Ambedkar’s outstanding ideas and his central mission, his total identification with the toiling masses of our country, to free themselves from bondage and slavery, and establish economic democracy.

The Poverty Of India By Sohel Bham