
Along
with broader movement against the authoritarian project of RSS and BJP,
emphasis must be laid on politicisation of society and balance of
social forces must be changed
https://countercurrents.org/2020/09/how-to-counter-the-hindutva-project/
Recently, senior journalist
Santosh Bhartiya interviewed me on the contradictions of left movement.
Responding to his question, I said that for me left movement in India
is a democratic movement which stands for democratisation of state and
society. I also said that call it irony of history or tragedy that the
three major streams of democratic movement could not evolve mutual
political understanding for a broad political coalition. Coming together
on a common political platform of CPI formed in 1920, CSP (Congress
Socialist Party) led by Acharya Narendra Dev, also based on Marxist
philosophy and Independent Labour Party like streams formed by Dr
Ambedkar was very much needed. At least after independence, in my view,
it was primarily responsibility of the Communist Party to form such a
political platform as it was strongest in terms of mass base and
organisation, compared to other democratic formations.
I also said
that to portray Gandhi as a revivalist against modernity or he was
opposed to land reforms is not true as objective reading of history. We
must understand that the ideas of Gandhi were continuously evolving. The
ideas which Gandhi expressed in Hind Swaraj in 1909 had changed a lot
by 1948. In his talk with Louis Fischer, an American journalist in 1942,
Gandhi said that peasantry will take the land of landlords. When he
asked regarding paying compensation, he replied, how that can be given.
When Fischer asked him regarding violence in 1942 Quit India movement,
Gandhi didn’t answer. He was very clear about the form of struggle.
While accepting his differences with Subhash Chandra Bose, he regarded
him as the greatest one among all patriots. In fact, the first and
foremost agenda before Gandhi ji was how to liberate the country. He
wanted ouster to British ruling class at any cost. He even said that let
them go and even if it means anarchy for some time, we are ready for
that. Gandhi very well understood the divisive politics of British
colonialism. He laid maximum emphasis on Hindu-Muslim unity. He made all
efforts to avoid partition till end. After partition, he advocated
brotherly relations with Pakistan. It was his earnest desire that there
should be a relationship between India and Pakistan like two civilised
nations. His vision was clear regarding religion too. The religion which
he advocated was universal moral values. So far as practicing religion
like Hindu, Muslim, Sikh, Christian and Parsi were concerned, he
regarded these religions as a matter of personal faith and belief. By
all these I mean to say is that Gandhi ji’s vision about independent
India was in many ways similar to Dr. Ambedkar’s “The State and
Minorities” as well as programmes of the Communist and Socialist
parties.
Although there are no ifs and buts in history, still, if
we want to discuss formation of a broader political platform against the
challenge posed by RSS and BJP which is being actively supported by
finance capital, we have to evaluate the history. As there was very
favourable and to some extend dominance of socialist ideas during
freedom struggle and afterwards, I believe that there was an
underestimation of the inherent potential of development of productive
forces in capitalism. Communist movement though accepted democratic
revolution as a necessary stage before socialism but for the life of
this interim period, there was no clarity about this as it was thought a
short lived phase of development. That is why there is less emphasis on
developing organisation, policy, politics and slogans suited to that
political juncture. Instead of giving much emphasis to socialism the
time was to discuss alternative democratic model of capitalism based on
peasant path of development.
Anyway, the forces of democratic
movement remained scattered and could not develop an effective
opposition, as a result Congress got free hand to rule the country. In
these circumstances, Congress Party which was supposed to carry forward
India could not play the desired role. The provincial Congress
governments formed during 1937 to 1939 period were anti-people, corrupt
and communal. Pandit Nehru became PM and he played an important role in
the modernisation of India but the umbrella like form of Congress and
it’s capability to accommodate various progressive ideologies gradually
collapsed and there emerged a rightist consolidation within Congress.
Pt. Nehru failed to resolve the vital issues like communalism, border
dispute and democracy. Within Congress, there was always a tendency of
Hindu preference and gradually, it has been retreating from fundamental
change in society. So, despite accepting Nehru’s role in modernisation
of India, we must keep in mind what Acharya Narendra Dev founder of CSP
had said that Congress was not ready for fundamental and basic changes.
During
Indira Gandhi’s rule, Hindu preference was gradually replaced by Hindu
supremacy and in 80s Congress was openly complicit with the Hindutva
politics of RSS and BJP. During Narasimha Rao government, the
anti-people, communal and corrupt face of Congress was thoroughly
exposed. The role of the central government in Babri Mosque demolition
also became explicit. Before this, Congress was already badly exposed in
anti-Sikh massacre 1984. This government had a big role in the horse
trading of parliamentarians, ever-increasing corruption and degeneration
of parliamentary politics. Also during this regime, Nehruvian mixed
economy was rejected as quota-permit raj and the government completely
surrendered before neo-liberal economy. Till today all sections of the
society are suffering from its ill-effects and now people have started
raising voice against it in various forms. The direction of these
movements is against corporate and finance capital.
Broadly
speaking in 2004, Manmohan-led UPA government proved to be a government
which continued old policies of Congress in other forms instead of being
a government of secular values and welfare policies. It further
advanced the pro-American foreign policy, intensified privatisation
under liberalisation, enacted UAPA like draconian act, and continued
repression over all sections of the people. Its alliance with left front
for some years was sidelined. Manmohan government was thoroughly
defamed for corruption and it paved the way for the formation of BJP
alliance led government. After set back in the front experiment with
Congress, Left Front has withdrawn for the time being from political
front formation at national level with the Congress or regional parties.
Regarding
national freedom movement, I want to point out on one issue that
sufficient attention was not paid to the danger posed by Hindutva
thinker and political activist Vinayak Damodar Savarkar and RSS
ideologue Golwalkar who played sub subservient role to British
imperialism against national movement. Their ideology was committed to
disenfranchise a large population in the name of Father-Land and
Holy-Land. In its pursuance, Modi government has enacted CAA. Despite
being fully aware about the dangers of majoritarianism, Pt. Nehru
appointed Shyama Prasad Mukherjee as the Cabinet Minister in his Interim
government. It was Shyama Prasad Mukherjee who after resigning from
Nehru cabinet joined hands with RSS to form Jan Sangh. Now, someone
justifying Nahru may say that it was done under pressure of the then
prevailing conditions. But, mistake will remain a mistake. After
independence, political experiments of Dr. Lohia and JP to combat
Congress made cause with the Jan Sangh providing legitimacy to the
politics of RSS. Whichever government was there, since supporting VP
Singh government in the 90s up to 2014, BJP and Sangh kept deepening
their roots in the society.
Regarding Anna movement and AAP
leadership, Prashant Bhushan’s acceptance with regret that RSS and BJP
played role in propping up the movement, is very important and a lesson
for others that one must understand RSS-BJP tactics to infiltrate
various movements for their own cause to disrupt the movement. Today,
people’s discontent against Modi government is rising and RSS people
will try to infiltrate into anti-government agitations in various forms
as they once did by forming Swadeshi Jagran Manch and later joining Anna
movement.
So far as Communist movement is concerned, debates
regarding characterization of state, united front and parliamentary
democracy still remain. In the 90s, instead of developing
left-democratic confederation incorporating different levels of
democratic forces and the movements, the experiment of mainstream Left
to form National Front with regional parties and run the government,
failed both at policy level as well as at the level of practical
politics. It failed to check the rise of the BJP.
RSS has still
not succeeded in forging pan Hindu unity, but the illusion of Mandal
politics in combating BJP is completely shattered. Modi government is
now speedily implementing Hindutva agenda which Sangh could not get
implemented during Atal government. After defeat of Atal government in
2004, Advani went ahead with a so called liberal face knowing the limits
of sectarian politics in electoral arena. For this purpose he utilised
occasion of his Pakistan visit and declared there Jinnah to be secular
which was contrary to Sangh thinking. Here, he made mistake in
understanding RSS mood and motion of finance capital. He lost BJP
leadership in the same manner as he had once captured it on Ram temple
issue from Atal Bihari Vajpayee’s so called Gandhian socialism.
Modi
government is a government of Hindutva and Corporate nexus. To divert
attention from the primitive accumulation through loot of minerals and
natural resources, Manmohan- Chidambaram government termed Maoism as
biggest threat to internal security of India. In Modi government, so
called Islamic terrorism is also added to it. In fact, RSS has already
been describing Islam, Christianity and Communists as its three big
enemies in the country. For finance capital, welfare state is a danger,
so liberalism is also target of this nexus. Finance capital is dangerous
for environment and nature on the one hand, while on the other hand it
has broken the backbone of workers, peasants, and trade, small and
medium enterprises. Under black laws, Sangh is sending its
ideological-political opponents to jails, declaring them anti-national.
Modi government is running this organised campaign of loot and
repression. Repression is increasing on Dalits, Adivasis, minorities and
women. Modi government has extremely weakened all democratic
institutions from within and it is working overtime to convert them into
authoritarian institutions. Even changing the character of the bill,
passing bills by all sorts of manipulations, coercion, misuse of higher
positions of the parliament has become hall mark of Modi regime. In
fact, democratic institutions are being given authoritarian shape. So
called liberals occupying higher positions in the parliament are getting
exposed and a new phase of the degeneration of parliamentary politics
in naked form is coming to the fore. Executive and bureaucracy, still
broadly run with British laws, remain institutions of repression.
Rejecting administrative autonomy, which was recognized till date, some
bureaucrats in higher position are now functioning as RSS and BJP
cadres. Many outgoing administrative and military officers are
conducting campaign against democracy; they are busy competing in
jingoist propaganda at various channels. War-mongering has become
synonym to patriotism for them.
Judiciary, particularly Supreme
Court (SC), which owes responsibility to safeguard democracy and
Constitution, has compromised with government in many of its misdeeds.
Two years back, press conference by sitting SC judges is proof enough of
the fact how democracy is being throttled in SC. Now, it has become
crime to express opinion about courts. Anyway, this institution is
vitally important in defending Constitution and parliamentary democracy,
hence battle for its democratisation and making its functioning
transparent is very much necessary.
In totality, one can say that
India is passing through a phase of an unprecedented challenge where
there is danger, not only for Indian Constitution and democracy but also
for Indian culture and civilisation. Politics of opposition against
Modi government has become visionless and compromising. Congress and
regional parties have compromised with majoritarianism and finance
capital. Character of their governments, too, is undemocratic and
autocratic. There seems to be no policy difference with Modi government
and their politics. So, one shouldn’t harbour any illusion regarding
their role for protection and extension of pro-people policies and
democratic rights. Their role comes into display in symbolic political
protests inside as well as outside parliament and in elections against
BJP alliance. In this situation, it is imperative to think over the
immediate and long-term role of alternative politics, politics of
alternative or which I call people’s politics.
Today, we are
fighting against such a philosophy, ideology and politics, whose lumpen
army terms Gandhiji’s assassination as a slaughter of Gandhi! The author
of “I am a troll” says that PM poses for photographs with his trolls
army and encourages them. Modi government’s minister garlands lynch mob
criminals. Even earlier RSS used to organise group worship of arms. So,
today’s political situation can’t be compared with Emergency that was a
black chapter of parliamentary politics, a horrifying event. But, behind
today’s repression are the Hindutva philosophy and the idea of an
authoritarian political system which doesn’t even believe in Indian
Constitution and parliamentary democracy.
Today, we have entered
in a phase of finance capital hegemony world over. In India, finance
capital firmly stands with Hindutva politics. People know about the
large sums of one-sided donations given to BJP by domestic and foreign
corporations through electoral bonds. RSS and BJP have maintained their
hold over the social structure. But, here, all contradictions of society
are sharpening under Modi regime. The protests visible so far in the
civil society movement, are now spread to peasantry, workers and youth
movement. In coming days, all these movements will be further
intensified, so these movements should not be left in spontaneity, but
must be channelized towards systematic people’s politics. Defeating the
politics of RSS and BJP and defeating BJP alliance in elections must
become national task. This national task does not prohibit Left and
democratic forces from independent participation in elections.
We
must discuss some political realities of this phase. It is true that
movements are rising against Modi government. Civil, social and
Ambedkarite Dalit movements are forcefully opposing repression but these
streams have no political presence. At this juncture, these movements
must redefine themselves and accept the challenge facing the country.
The forces of alternative politics associated with the ideas of Gandhi,
Lohia and JP should also think over their political orientation. I mean
regarding the mainstream Left, it is true that Left Front governments
did compromise with finance capital in the name of developing productive
forces and suppressed the voices of protest. But, one must make
distinction between party and its government and Left parties, so far,
have not accepted neo-liberal economy. Left movement is integral part of
democratic movement and it has got political presence. It is also true
that main streams of left movement don’t take interest in the formation
of Left-Democratic Front. But, they take part in class-sectional
movements on democratic issues, be it peasant, youth or working class
movements. They are interested in environmental movement, too. There is a
need of political dialogue with them because they have a committed
history of battle against RSS and BJP. If all these streams come
together on a political platform, which I call multiclass party, then a
formidable resistance force may emerge against authoritarianism in
Indian politics. Here, I don’t agree with those who think that this task
is impossible and terming politics as the art of possible, advocate
politics of manipulation. In such a platform, all democratic, Left
groups, individuals, movements, people from oppressed caste, communities
and victims of regional imbalance may join. Organic relations will
develop among them; this may become an effective political platform.
Pre-independence Congress, Chinese Kuomintang party, African National
Congress have been witness to such experiments.
This people’s
politics must compete with the ruling class’s politics and participate
in day to day political activities. At any cost, its independent
political position should not be diluted. After formulation of political
programme, organisation building must be accorded top priority. Masses
must be educated about the character of state structure working in a
particular class interest. One must integrate with the masses. Despite
accepting the importance of propaganda network, it is clear that
twitter, facebook, whatsapp and courts will not decide the course of
history. People and its class conscious party are the only decisive
element of the history and we have to strengthen that.
In my view,
today’s main problem is not that we did not associate with our
tradition, culture and language. All Congress stalwarts including Gandhi
ji, despite close links with their tradition, language, religion and
culture, could not stop partition of India. It is also noteworthy that
leaders of all parties are not elites. Common masses have no problem in
understanding their language and style; still they are failing to stop
the authoritarian politics. So if the basic spirit of social, economic,
political justice enshrined in our Constitution, couldn’t become the
spirit of common masses, then we must think over the character and form
of politics and organisation. If the battle for casteless, classless,
secular, civil society became weak and Hindutva politics became strong,
then we must ponder over our weaknesses in battle against casteist,
bourgeois landlord state. Why the ideological hegemony of rationality
and morality could not be established in Indian society needs a serious
review of politics and organisation. While fighting for citizenship, we
must fight against war-mongering because battle for citizenship is
integrally linked with anti-imperialist nationalism. Instead of
equi-distance, we should openly speak against American ruling clique;
resolve our inherited border disputes through talks and negotiations.
Some socialist and peace-loving people have coined apt slogan “We want
Buddha, not Yuddha (war)” We firmly believe that the forces of
authoritarianism will be defeated and the people’s politics will be
victorious.
Akhilendra Pratap Singh, Swaraj Abhiyan